Table of Contents
- Learning Theories
- Instructional Development Models
- Instructional Design Theories and Models
- Change, Systems, and Diffusion
- Links
- References
Learning Theories
Learning theories describe what learning is and how
it occurs.
1900-1929
- Connectionism: Thorndike (1913)
1930s
- Psychological (or Scientific) Behaviorism: Watson (1930, 1913)
- Logical Positivist Behaviorism: Carnap (1932)
- Schema Theory: Bartlett (1932)
1940s
- Drive Reduction Theory Hull (1943)
- Sign Learning (Cognitive Behaviorism) Tolman (1948)
- Logical (or Philosophical) Behaviorism Ryle (1949)
- Operant Conditioning: Skinner (1954)
- Information Processing Theory: Miller (1956)
- Gestalt Theory: Wertheimer (1959)
1960s
- Mastery Learning: Carroll (1963)
- Discovery Learning: Bruner (196?)
- Constructivism: Bruner (1966)
- Experiential Learning: Rogers (1969)
1970s
- Levels of Processing: Craik & Lockhart (1972)
- Structural Learning Theory: Scandura (1973)
- Generative Learning: Wittrocks (1974)
- Andragogy: Knowles (1975)
- Cognitive Dissonance Theory: Festinger (1975)
- Metacognition: Flavell (1976)
- Development Theory: Piaget (1977)
- Self-efficacy: Bandura (1977)
- Social Development Theory: Vygotsky (1978)
- Psychosocial Developmental: Erikson (1979)
1980s
- Multiple Intelligence Theory: Gardner (1982)
- ACT*: Anderson (1983)
- Dual Coding Theory: Paivio (1986)
- Social Cognition: Bruner (1986)
- Situated Learning: Lave (1988)
- Cognitive Load Theory: Sweller (1988)
- ATI - Aptitude-treatment interaction: Cronbach & Snow (1989)
Instructional Development Models
Instructional development models prescribe what the
process of designing and developing instruction should look like... the steps,
procedures, methods, etc.
1950s
- Bloom's Taxonomy: Bloom, Engelhart, Furst, Hill & Krathwohl (1956)
1960s
- Gagne's Taxonomy: Gagne (1966)
1970s
- Criterion Referenced Instruction: Mager (1975)
- Performance Improvement Potential (PIP): Gilbert (1978)
1980s
- Gerlach & Ely: Gerlach and Ely (1980)
- Kemp: Jerrold Kemp (1985)
- Task Analysis: Jonassen (1986)
- Needs Assessment: Rossett (1987)
1990s
- Seels and Glasgow: Seels and Glasgow (1990)
- Dick & Carey: Dick and Carey (1990)
- Rapid Prototyping: Dorsey, Goodrum, and Schwen (1997)
Instructional Design Theories
Instructional design theories and models prescribe what
instruction should look like... instructional strategies and tactics.
1960s
- Subsumption Theory: Ausubel (1963)
1970s
- Contextual Dependency Theory: Schank (1975)
- Script Theory: Schank (1977)
- ARCS Model: Keller (1979)
1980s
- Adult Learning Theory: Cross (1981)
- Component Display Theory: Merill (1983)
- Elaboration Theory: Reigeluth (1978,1983)
- Goal-based Scenarios: Schank (1983)
- Conditions of Learning: Gagne (1985)
- Cognitive Apprenticeships: Brown, Collins, Duguid (1989)
1990s
- Anchored Instruction: Bransford (1990)
- Individualized Instruction: Hiemstra & Sisco (1991)
- Cognitive Flexibility Hypertext: Spiro, Feltovich, & Coulson (1992)
- Landamatics: Landa (1993)
- Learning Communities: Collins & Bielaczik (1997)
- Instructional transaction theory (ITT): Merrill (1999)
Change, Systems, and Diffusion
Coming soon
http://www.indiana.edu/~edpsych/topics~/behavior.html
Behaviorism: Indiana University online resources
http://www.homestead.com/peoplelearn/cognition.html
Cognitivism: Pretty nice overview of a whole bunch of Cognitivist
thoeries and models
http://www.dean.usma.edu/math/activities/cape/Constructivism/501learn.htm
Constructivism: Quick overview of several learning theories and philosophies
(includes humanism)
Bloom, B.S., Engelhart, M.D., Furst, E.J., Hill, W.H., & Krathwohl, D.R. (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals. Handbook 1: Cognitive Domain. NewYork, NY: David McKay.
Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37, 122-147.
Carnap, R. (1932). Psychology in Physical Language. Erkenntnis, 3, 107-42.
Gerlach, V.C. & Ely, D.P. (1980). Teaching and Media: A Systematic Approach (2nd Edition). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Kemp, J. (1985). The Instructional Design Process. New Yrok, NY: Harper Row.
Merrill, M.D. (1999). Instructional transaction theory (ITT): Instructional design based on knowledge objects. In C.M. Reigeluth's (Ed.), Instructional-Design Theories and Models: A New Paradigm of Instructional Theory, vol. II. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Paivio, A. (1965). Abstractness, imagery, and meaningfulness in paired-associate learning. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 4, 32-38.
Piaget, J. (1977). The Development of Thought: Equilibration of Cognitive Structures. New York: Viking.
Ryle (1949). The Concept of the Mind. London: Hutchinson.
Seels, B. & Glasgow, Z. (1990). Exercises in Instructional Technology. Columbus, OH: Merrill Publishing Co.
Skinner, B.F. (1953). Science and Human Behavior. New York, NY: Macmillan.
Skinner (1954). The science of learning and the art of teaching. Harvard Educational Review, 24, 86-97.
Spiro, R.J., Feltovich, P.J., Jacobson, M.J. & Coulson, R.L. (1991). Cognitive flexibility, constructivism, and hypertext: Random access instruction for advanced knowledge acquisition in ill-structured domains. Educational Technology 31(5), p. 33.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). In M. Cole, V. John-Steiner, S. Scribner, & E. Souberman (Eds.), Mind in Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Watson, J. (1913). Psychology as a Behaviorist Views It. Psychological Review, 20, 158-77.
Watson, J. (1930). Behaviorism. New York, NY: Norton.
Wertheimer, M. (1924). Über Gestalttheorie [an address before the Kant Society, Berlin, '7th December, 1924], Erlangen, 1925. In the translation by Willis D. Ellis published in his "Source Book of Gestalt Psychology," New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co, 1938. Reprinted by the Gestalt Journal Press, New York 1997. Available [online] on 1/21/2002 at http://www.enabling.org/ia/gestalt/gerhards/wert1.html.
